Overview

Dapr is a portable, event-driven runtime that makes it easy for any developer to build resilient, stateless and stateful applications that run on the cloud and edge and embraces the diversity of languages and developer frameworks.

Any language, any framework, anywhere

Today we are experiencing a wave of cloud adoption. Developers are comfortable with web + database application architectures, for example classic 3-tier designs, but not with microservice application architectures which are inherently distributed. It’s hard to become a distributed systems expert, nor should you have to. Developers want to focus on business logic, while leaning on the platforms to imbue their applications with scale, resiliency, maintainability, elasticity and the other attributes of cloud-native architectures.

This is where Dapr comes in. Dapr codifies the best practices for building microservice applications into open, independent APIs called building blocks, that enable you to build portable applications with the language and framework of your choice. Each building block is completely independent and you can use one, some, or all of them in your application.

Using Dapr you can incrementally migrate your existing applications to a microservices architecture, thereby adopting cloud native patterns such scale out/in, resiliency and independent deployments.

In addition, Dapr is platform agnostic, meaning you can run your applications locally, on any Kubernetes cluster, on virtual or physical machines and in other hosting environments that Dapr integrates with. This enables you to build microservice applications that can run on the cloud and edge.

Microservice building blocks for cloud and edge

There are many considerations when architecting microservices applications. Dapr provides best practices for common capabilities when building microservice applications that developers can use in a standard way, and deploy to any environment. It does this by providing distributed system building blocks.

Each of these building block APIs is independent, meaning that you can use one, some, or all of them in your application. The following building blocks are available:

Building Block	Description
Service-to-service invocation	Resilient service-to-service invocation enables method calls, including retries, on remote services, wherever they are located in the supported hosting environment.
State management	With state management for storing and querying key/value pairs, long-running, highly available, stateful services can be easily written alongside stateless services in your application. The state store is pluggable and examples include AWS DynamoDB, Azure CosmosDB, Azure SQL Server, GCP Firebase, PostgreSQL or Redis, among others.
Publish and subscribe	Publishing events and subscribing to topics between services enables event-driven architectures to simplify horizontal scalability and make them resilient to failure. Dapr provides at-least-once message delivery guarantee, message TTL, consumer groups and other advance features.
Resource bindings	Resource bindings with triggers builds further on event-driven architectures for scale and resiliency by receiving and sending events to and from any external source such as databases, queues, file systems, etc.
Actors	A pattern for stateful and stateless objects that makes concurrency simple, with method and state encapsulation. Dapr provides many capabilities in its actor runtime, including concurrency, state, and life-cycle management for actor activation/deactivation, and timers and reminders to wake up actors.
Observability	Dapr emits metrics, logs, and traces to debug and monitor both Dapr and user applications. Dapr supports distributed tracing to easily diagnose and serve inter-service calls in production using the W3C Trace Context standard and Open Telemetry to send to different monitoring tools.
Secrets	The secrets management API integrates with public cloud and local secret stores to retrieve the secrets for use in application code.
Configuration	The configuration API enables you to retrieve and subscribe to application configuration items from configuration stores.
Distributed lock	The distributed lock API enables your application to acquire a lock for any resource that gives it exclusive access until either the lock is released by the application, or a lease timeout occurs.

Sidecar architecture

Dapr exposes its HTTP and gRPC APIs as a sidecar architecture, either as a container or as a process, not requiring the application code to include any Dapr runtime code. This makes integration with Dapr easy from other runtimes, as well as providing separation of the application logic for improved supportability.

Hosting environments

Dapr can be hosted in multiple environments, including self-hosted on a Windows/Linux/macOS machines for local development and on Kubernetes or clusters of physical or virtual machines in production.

Self-hosted local development

In self-hosted mode Dapr runs as a separate sidecar process which your service code can call via HTTP or gRPC. Each running service has a Dapr runtime process (or sidecar) which is configured to use state stores, pub/sub, binding components and the other building blocks.

You can use the Dapr CLI to run a Dapr-enabled application on your local machine. The diagram below show Dapr’s local development environment when configured with the CLI init command. Try this out with the getting started samples.

Kubernetes

Kubernetes can be used for either local development (for example with minikube, k3S) or in production. In container hosting environments such as Kubernetes, Dapr runs as a sidecar container with the application container in the same pod.

Dapr has control plane services. The dapr-sidecar-injector and dapr-operator services provide first-class integration to launch Dapr as a sidecar container in the same pod as the service container and provide notifications of Dapr component updates provisioned in the cluster.

The dapr-sentry service is a certificate authority that enables mutual TLS between Dapr sidecar instances for secure data encryption, as well as providing identity via Spiffe. For more information on the Sentry service, read the security overview

Deploying and running a Dapr-enabled application into your Kubernetes cluster is as simple as adding a few annotations to the deployment schemes. Visit the Dapr on Kubernetes docs

Clusters of physical or virtual machines

The Dapr control plane services can be deployed in High Availability (HA) mode to clusters of physical or virtual machines in production, for example, as shown in the diagram below. Here the Actor Placement and Sentry services are started on three different VMs to provide HA control plane. In order to provide name resolution using DNS for the applications running in the cluster, Dapr uses Hashicorp Consul service, also running in HA mode.

Developer language SDKs and frameworks

Dapr offers a variety of SDKs and frameworks to make it easy to begin developing with Dapr in your preferred language.

Dapr SDKs

To make using Dapr more natural for different languages, it also includes language specific SDKs for:

• C++
• Go
• Java
• JavaScript
• .NET
• PHP
• Python
• Rust

These SDKs expose the functionality of the Dapr building blocks through a typed language API, rather than calling the http/gRPC API. This enables you to write a combination of stateless and stateful functions and actors all in the language of your choice. And because these SDKs share the Dapr runtime, you get cross-language actor and function support.

Developer frameworks

Dapr can be used from any developer framework. Here are some that have been integrated with Dapr:

Web

Language	Frameworks	Description
.NET	ASP.NET Core	Brings stateful routing controllers that respond to pub/sub events from other services. Can also take advantage of ASP.NET Core gRPC Services.
Java	Spring Boot	Build Spring boot applications with Dapr APIs
Python	Flask	Build Flask applications with Dapr APIs
Javascript	Express	Build Express applications with Dapr APIs
PHP		You can serve with Apache, Nginx, or Caddyserver.

Integrations and extensions

Visit the integrations page to learn about some of the first-class support Dapr has for various frameworks and external products, including:

• Public cloud services
• Visual Studio Code
• GitHub

Designed for operations

Dapr is designed for operations and security. The Dapr sidecars, runtime, components, and configuration can all be managed and deployed easily and securely to match your organization’s needs.

The dashboard, installed via the Dapr CLI, provides a web-based UI enabling you to see information, view logs and more for running Dapr applications.

The monitoring tools support provides deeper visibility into the Dapr system services and side-cars and the observability capabilities of Dapr provide insights into your application such as tracing and metrics.